Dilithium Algorithm

Dilithium, now standardized under the name ML-DSA, is a digital signature algorithm built to remain secure against both classical and quantum computer attacks, letting a signer prove a message's authenticity in a way that a quantum computer cannot forge. Its security is based on two related lattice problems, module learning with errors and the module short integer solution problem, mathematical structures believed to stay hard to solve even for a quantum computer. The United States National Institute of Standards and Technology selected Dilithium as one of the first two digital signature schemes in its post-quantum cryptography standardization program, and in August 2024 it published the algorithm, under its new ML-DSA name, as the federal standard FIPS 204, establishing it as a primary method for quantum-resistant digital signatures going forward.