Kyber Algorithm

Kyber, now standardized under the name ML-KEM, is a key encapsulation algorithm that lets two parties establish a shared secret key over an open channel in a way designed to resist attacks from both ordinary and future quantum computers. Its security rests on a lattice based mathematical problem called learning with errors, an approach that in practice runs quickly and produces relatively small keys and ciphertexts compared with other post-quantum candidates. The algorithm was developed by a team of researchers from universities, research institutions and private companies across Europe and North America, building on lattice cryptography research published in 2005, and it won the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology's multi-year, multi-round public competition to select the first standardized post-quantum key encapsulation method. NIST published the resulting standard as FIPS 203 in August 2024, making Kyber, under its new ML-KEM name, the first post-quantum key exchange algorithm to receive that formal status.