Programming Language Theory

Formal methods employ a variety of theoretical computer science fundamentals, including logic calculi, formal languages, automata theory, control theory, program semantics, type systems, and type theory.

With Jeannette Wing, she developed a particular definition of subtyping, commonly known as the Liskov substitution principle.

Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools

author of the first Fortran 77 compiler

lambda calculus and functional programming

programming languages and the theory of computation

static analysis of stripped (binary) executables

contributor to Cobol and Fortran

developed the programming language Cobol

developed his own two-dimensional programming system Plankalkul

introduced the concept of the subroutine

devised the first sort-merge generator for the Univac I

He was the designer of the SETL programming language

He developed the Refal programming language

the inventor of GLR parser algorithm

Advanced Programming Language Design, an introductory book on programming paradigms

introducing the concept of reflective programming (computational reflection) in programming languages

developing a fast Fortran programming language compiler called WATFOR

In computer science, he is known for his work on dialects of the programming language ALGOL.

While at Michigan he co-authored two compilers, GAT for the IBM 650 and MAD for the IBM 704/709/7090, was involved in the design of the architecture and negotiations with IBM over the virtual memory features that would be included in what became the IBM System/360 Model 67 computer, and in the initial design of the Michigan Terminal System (MTS) time-sharing operating system.

He was especially known for his work and publications in foundational questions about computer simulation methodology; in writing about production scheduling theory; in developing computer languages and language compilers, including the widely used PL/C dialect of IBM's PL/I language; in authoring or co-authoring textbooks about computer programming; and in developing simulation software for manufacturing.

Before this, he contributed to the SUBALGOL compiler at Stanford University and wrote the ALGOL 60 compiler for the Ferranti-Packard 6000 and the ICT 1900.

Arthur Whitney (born October 20, 1957) is a Canadian computer scientist most notable for developing three programming languages inspired by APL: A+, k, and q, and for co-founding the U.S. companies Kx Systems and Shakti Software.

compiler technology

Data-flow analysis is a technique for gathering information about the possible set of values calculated at various points in a computer program.

He is one of the creators of the technical programming language Julia.

Tex is an open source programming language created in 1978 by Donald Knuth.

VBA, aka Visual Basic for Applications, is a programming language created in 1993.

Turbo Pascal is a software development system that includes a compiler and an integrated development environment (IDE) for the Pascal programming language

is a superset of the programming language Python

CoffeeScript is a programming language that transcompiles to JavaScript.

GW-BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language developed by Microsoft from IBM BASICA.

Self is a general-purpose, high-level, object-oriented programming language based on the concept of prototypes.

Clojure (, like closure) is a dynamic and functional dialect of the programming language Lisp on the Java platform.

Idris is a purely-functional programming language with dependent types, quantity annotations, optional lazy evaluation, and features such as a totality checker.

Agda is a dependently typed functional programming language originally developed by Ulf Norell at Chalmers University of Technology with implementation described in his PhD thesis.

Elm is a domain-specific programming language for declaratively creating web browser-based graphical user interfaces.

Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (S2018) (formerly X3.226-1994 (R1999)).

Logo is an educational programming language, designed in 1967 by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert, and Cynthia Solomon.

Datalog is a declarative logic programming language.

Mercury is a functional logic programming language made for real-world uses.

SPARQL (pronounced "sparkle", a recursive acronym for SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) is an RDF query language-that is, a semantic query language for databases-able to retrieve and manipulate data stored in Resource Description Framework (RDF) format.

GraphQL is a data query and manipulation language that allows specifying what data is to be retrieved ("declarative data fetching") or modified.

XQuery (XML Query) is a query language and functional programming language designed to query and transform collections of structured and unstructured data, primarily in the form of XML. It also supports text data and, through implementation-specific extensions

XPath (XML Path Language) is an expression language designed to support the query or transformation of XML documents.

Cypher is a declarative graph query language that allows for expressive and efficient data querying in a property graph.

PL/SQL (Procedural Language for SQL) is Oracle Corporation's procedural extension for SQL and the Oracle relational database.

Tcl (pronounced as an acronym, , like tickle, or as an initialism, , like T-C-L; originally Tool Command Language) is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language.

VBScript (Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting Edition) is a deprecated programming language for scripting on Microsoft Windows using Component Object Model (COM), based on classic Visual Basic and Active Scripting.

MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) is a proprietary multi-paradigm programming language and numeric computing environment developed by MathWorks.

Modula-2 is a structured, procedural programming language developed between 1977 and 1985/8 by Niklaus Wirth at ETH Zurich.

Oberon is a general-purpose programming language first published in 1987 by Niklaus Wirth and the latest member of the Wirthian family of ALGOL-like languages (Euler, ALGOL W, Pascal, Modula, and Modula-2).

Plankalkül (German pronunciation: [ˈplaːnkalkyːl]) is a programming language designed for engineering purposes by Konrad Zuse between 1942 and 1945. It was the first high-level programming language to be designed for a computer.

FLOW-MATIC, originally known as B-0 (Business Language version 0), was the first English-like data processing language.

Short Code was one of the first higher-level languages developed for an electronic computer.

Autocode is the name of a family of "simplified coding systems", later called programming languages, devised in the 1950s and 1960s for a series of digital computers at the Universities of Manchester, Cambridge and London.

JOVIAL is a high-level programming language based on ALGOL 58, specialized for developing embedded systems (specialized computer systems designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, usually embedded as part of a larger, more complete device, including

SNOBOL (StriNg Oriented and symBOlic Language) is a series of programming languages developed between 1962 and 1967 at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David J. Farber, Ralph Griswold and Ivan P. Polonsky, culminating in SNOBOL4. It was one of a number of text-string

A-0 system (Arithmetic Language version 0) was an early compiler-related tool developed for electronic computers, written by Grace Murray Hopper in 1951 and 1952 originally for the UNIVAC I. The A-0 functioned more as a loader or linker than the modern notion

Modula-3 is a programming language conceived as a successor to an upgraded version of Modula-2 known as Modula-2+. It has been influential in research circles (influencing the designs of languages such as Java, C#, Python and Nim), but it has not been adopted

Modelica is an object-oriented, declarative, multi-domain modeling language for component-oriented modeling of complex systems, e.g., systems containing mechanical, electrical, electronic, hydraulic, thermal, control, electric power or process-oriented subcomp

Occam is a programming language which is concurrent and builds on the communicating sequential processes (CSP) process algebra, and shares many of its features.

Malbolge () is a public-domain esoteric programming language invented by Ben Olmstead in 1998, named after the eighth circle of hell in Dante's Inferno, the Malebolge.

Befunge is a two-dimensional stack-based, reflective, esoteric programming language.

K is a proprietary array processing programming language developed by Arthur Whitney and commercialized by KX Systems.

ALGOL 68 (short for Algorithmic Language 1968) is an imperative programming language member of the ALGOL family that was conceived as a successor to the ALGOL 60 language, designed with the goal of a much wider scope of application and more rigorously defined

CPL (Combined Programming Language) is a multi-paradigm programming language developed in the early 1960s.

B is a programming language developed at Bell Labs circa 1969 by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie.

ALGOL W is a programming language.

MAD (Michigan Algorithm Decoder) is a programming language and compiler for the IBM 704 and later the IBM 709, IBM 7090, IBM 7040, UNIVAC 1107, UNIVAC 1108, Philco 210-211, and eventually IBM System/370 mainframe computers.

CORAL, short for Computer On-line Real-time Applications Language is a programming language originally developed in 1964 at the Royal Radar Establishment (RRE), Malvern, Worcestershire, in the United Kingdom.

Navy Electronics Laboratory International ALGOL Compiler (NELIAC) is a dialect and compiler implementation of the programming language ALGOL 58, developed by the Navy Electronics Laboratory (NEL) in 1958. It was designed for numeric and logical computations an

Q is a programming language for array processing, developed by Arthur Whitney.

Nial (from "Nested Interactive Array Language") is a high-level array programming language developed from about 1981 by Mike Jenkins of Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Unlambda is a minimal, "nearly pure" functional programming language invented by David Madore.

Shakespeare Programming Language (SPL) is an esoteric programming language designed by Jon Åslund and Karl Wiberg.

FRACTRAN is a Turing-complete esoteric programming language invented by the mathematician John Conway.

Z shell (Zsh) is a shell and a command-line interpreter for shell scripts.

fish (friendly interactive shell; stylized in lowercase) is a Unix-like shell with a focus on interactivity and usability.

C shell (csh or the improved version, tcsh) is a Unix shell created by Bill Joy while he was a graduate student at University of California, Berkeley in the late 1970s.

Rexx (restructured extended executor) is a high-level programming language developed at IBM by Mike Cowlishaw.

Pony (also known as ponylang) is a object-oriented, actor model, capabilities-secure, high performance programming language.

X10 is a programming language being developed by IBM at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center as part of the Productive, Easy-to-use, Reliable Computing System (PERCS) project funded by DARPA's High Productivity Computing Systems (HPCS) program.

Red is a programming language designed to overcome the limits of the programming language Rebol.

Dylan is a multi-paradigm programming language that includes support for functional and object-oriented programming (OOP), and is dynamic and reflective while providing a programming model designed to support generating efficient machine code, including fine-g

Vala is an object-oriented programming language with a self-hosting compiler that generates an intermediate representation in C source code and uses the GObject system.

Boo is an object-oriented, statically typed, general-purpose programming language that seeks to make use of the Common Language Infrastructure's support for Unicode, internationalization, and web applications, while using a Python-inspired syntax and a special

Lean is a proof assistant and a functional programming language.

Icon is a very high-level programming language based on the concept of "goal-directed execution" in which an expression in code returns "success" along with a result, or a "failure", indicating that there is no valid result.

SETL (SET Language) is a very high-level programming language based on the mathematical theory of sets.

Turing is a high-level, general purpose programming language developed in 1982 by Ric Holt and James Cordy, at University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada.

ABC is an imperative general-purpose programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) developed at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), in Amsterdam, Netherlands by Leo Geurts, Lambert Meertens, and Steven Pemberton.

Clipper is an xBase compiler that implements a variant of the xBase computer programming language.

A+ is a high-level, interactive, interpreted array programming language designed for numerically intensive applications, especially those found in financial applications.

E is an object-oriented programming language for secure distributed computing, created by Mark S. Miller, Dan Bornstein, Douglas Crockford, Chip Morningstar and others at Electric Communities in 1997. E is mainly descended from the concurrent language Joule an

Factor is a stack-oriented programming language created by Slava Pestov.

PureBasic is a commercially distributed procedural computer programming language and integrated development environment based on BASIC and developed by Fantaisie Software for Windows, Linux, macOS and Raspberry Pi.

Open Quantum Assembly Language (OpenQASM; pronounced open kazm) is a programming language designed for describing quantum circuits and algorithms for execution on quantum computers.

AspectJ is an aspect-oriented programming (AOP) extension for the Java programming language, created at PARC. It is available in Eclipse Foundation open-source projects, both stand-alone and integrated into Eclipse.

COMAL (Common Algorithmic Language) is a computer programming language developed in Denmark by Børge R. Christensen and Benedict Løfstedt and originally released in 1975. It was based on the BASIC programming language, adding multi-line statements and well-def

Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) is a graphical system design and development platform produced and distributed by National Instruments, based on a programming environment that uses a visual programming language.

XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations, also XSL(T) or XSL-T), is a domain-specific declarative programming language that transforms text into text.

BBC BASIC is an interpreted version of the BASIC programming language.

Structured text, abbreviated as ST or STX, is one of the five languages supported by the IEC 61131-3 standard, designed for programmable logic controllers (PLCs).

F is a modular, compiled, numeric programming language, designed for scientific programming and scientific computation.

DataFlex is an object-oriented high-level programming language and a fourth generation visual tool for developing Windows, web and mobile software applications on one framework-based platform.

Alef is a discontinued concurrent programming language, designed as part of the Plan 9 operating system by Phil Winterbottom of Bell Labs.

Dafny is an imperative and functional compiled language that compiles to other programming languages, such as C#, Java, JavaScript, Go, and Python.

Gforth is a free and portable implementation of the Forth programming language for Unix-like systems, Microsoft Windows, and other operating systems.

Modula programming language is a descendant of the Pascal language.

Joy programming language in computer science is a purely functional programming language that was produced by Manfred von Thun of La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia.

SuperBASIC is an advanced variant of the BASIC programming language with many structured programming additions.

Fortress is a discontinued experimental programming language for high-performance computing, created by Sun Microsystems with funding from The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's (DARPA) High Productivity Computing Systems project.

ISWIM (If you See What I Mean) is an abstract computer programming language (or a family of languages) devised by Peter Landin and first described in his article "The Next 700 Programming Languages", published in the Communications of the ACM in 1966. Although

Starlark is a lightweight, high-level programming language designed for embedded use in applications.

JADE is a proprietary object-oriented software development and deployment platform product from the New Zealand-based Jade Software Corporation, first released in 1996. It consists of the JADE programming language, integrated development environment and debugg

NetLogo is an open-source programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) for agent-based modeling.

ALGOL 58, originally named IAL, is a member of the ALGOL family of computer programming languages.

P′′ (P double prime) is a primitive computer programming language created by Corrado Böhm in 1964 to describe a family of Turing machines.

DYNAMO (DYNAmic MOdels) is a simulation language and accompanying graphical notation developed within the system dynamics analytical framework.

SLIP is a list processing computer programming language, invented by Joseph Weizenbaum in the 1960s.

Hope is a programming language based on functional programming developed in the 1970s at the University of Edinburgh.

The Address programming language (Russian: Адресный язык программирования, Ukrainian: Адресна мова програмування) is one of the world's first high-level programming languages.

S-PLUS was a commercial implementation of the S programming language sold by TIBCO Software Inc.

Newsqueak is a concurrent programming language for writing application software with interactive graphical user interfaces.

XPL, for expert's programming language is a programming language based on PL/I, a portable one-pass compiler written in its own language, and a parser generator tool for easily implementing similar compilers for other languages.

C with Classes was the historical precursor language to what would later become C++, both of which were first created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup.

FL (for Function Level) is a programming language created at IBM Research - Almaden, California by John Backus, John Williams, and Edward Wimmers in the 1980s and documented in a report from 1989. FL was designed as a successor of Backus's earlier FP language, providing specific support for what Backus termed function-level programming.

Lucid is a dataflow programming language designed to experiment with non-von Neumann programming models.

StarLogo is an agent-based simulation language developed by Mitchel Resnick, Eric Klopfer, and others at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab and Scheller Teacher Education Program in Massachusetts.

Pic is a domain-specific programming language by Brian Kernighan for specifying line diagrams.

Refal ("Recursive functions algorithmic language"; Russian: РЕФАЛ) "is a functional programming language oriented toward symbolic computations", including "string processing, language translation, [and] artificial intelligence". It is one of the oldest members of this family, first conceived of in 1966 as a theoretical tool, with the first implementation appearing in 1968.

Quantum Computation Language (QCL) is one of the first implemented quantum programming languages.

Argus is a programming language created at MIT by Barbara Liskov between 1982 and 1988, in collaboration with Maurice Herlihy, Paul Johnson, Robert Scheifler, and William Weihl.

George Ciprian Necula is a Romanian computer scientist, engineer at Google, and former professor at the University of California, Berkeley who does research in the area of programming languages and software engineering, with a particular focus on software verification and formal methods.

Sandrine Blazy is a French computer scientist known for her research in the formal verification of compilers, and especially for her work as a developer of CompCert, a compiler for a large subset of C99 that is "the first industrial-strength compiler with a mechanically checked proof of correctness"

Trained as a mechanical engineer, Van Wijngaarden emphasized and promoted the mathematical aspects of computing, first in numerical analysis, then in programming languages and finally in design principles of such languages.

Programming languages Program analysis Formal verification Theoretical computer science

He is most famous for originating the term CAD for computer-aided design, and is considered to be the father of Automatically Programmed Tools (APT), a programming language to drive numerical control in manufacturing.

As a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he was one of the implementers of the first systems for the programming language Lisp.

Research on perfect graphs, graph sandwich problems, compiler optimization, and spatial-temporal reasoning

While at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign he developed the Parafrase compiler system (1977), which was the first testbed for the development of automatic vectorization and related program transformations.

Parallel computing Performance measurement Operating systems High-level programming language, High-level languages

Pilot ACE ALGOL 60 Ada (programming language)

Forth programming language Stack machine processors

Curry is a declarative programming language, an implementation of the functional logic programming paradigm, and based on the Haskell language.

Futhark is a multi-paradigm, high-level, functional, data parallel, array programming language.

Lisp Flavored Erlang (LFE) is a functional, concurrent, garbage collected, general-purpose programming language and Lisp dialect built on Core Erlang and the Erlang virtual machine (BEAM). LFE builds on Erlang to provide a Lisp syntax for writing distributed, fault-tolerant, soft real-time, non-stop applications. LFE also extends Erlang to support metaprogramming with Lisp macros and an improved developer experience with a feature-rich read-eval-print loop (REPL). LFE is actively supported on all recent releases of Erlang; the oldest version of Erlang supported is R14.

JS++ is a programming language for web development that extends JavaScript with a sound type system.

His research interests include programming methodology and related areas such as programming languages, related semantics, and logic.

She wrote the first program to run on EDSAC, co-wrote the first compiler for Toronto's Ferranti Mark 1, wrote numerous papers in computer science, and taught computers and engineering at Queen's University and the University of Toronto for over 20 years before her death at the early age of 50.

From 1967 into the 1970s, Baird worked on computer programming languages in the United States Navy under Grace Hopper.

He was one of the editors of the original Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68 and a contributing editor to the Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68.

Processing uses the Java programming language, with added simplifications such as added classes and aliased mathematical functions and operations.

It features the LiveCode Script (formerly MetaTalk) programming language which belongs to the family of xTalk scripting languages like HyperCard's HyperTalk.

Rich Hickey is a computer programmer and speaker, known as the creator of the Clojure programming language.

Bright (born March 10, 1959) is an American computer programmer who created the D programming language, the Zortech C++ compiler, and the Empire computer game.

He is known for his work as one of the participants in the 1979 hypertext project known as Project Xanadu; for inventing Miller columns; and the open-source coordinator of the E programming language.

Scala ( SKAH-lah) is a strongly statically typed high-level general-purpose programming language that supports both object-oriented programming and functional programming.

Julia is a dynamic general-purpose programming language.

Apache Groovy is a Java-syntax-compatible object-oriented programming language for the Java platform.

Dart is a programming language designed by Lars Bak and Kasper Lund and developed by Google.

Crystal is a high-level general-purpose, object-oriented programming language, designed and developed by Ary Borenszweig, Juan Wajnerman, Brian Cardiff and more than 530 contributors.

Eiffel is an object-oriented programming language designed by Bertrand Meyer (an object-orientation proponent and author of Object-Oriented Software Construction) and Eiffel Software.

Elixir is a functional, concurrent, high-level general-purpose programming language that runs on the BEAM virtual machine, which is also used to implement the Erlang programming language.

Racket is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language.

Squeak is an object-oriented, class-based, and reflective programming language.

Visual J# (pronounced "jay-sharp") is a discontinued implementation of the J# programming language that was a transitional language for programmers of Java and Visual J++ languages, so they could use their existing knowledge and applications with the .NET Framework.

F# (pronounced F sharp) is a general-purpose, high-level, strongly typed, multi-paradigm programming language that encompasses functional, imperative, and object-oriented programming methods.

His work includes the programming language Arc, the startup Viaweb (later renamed Yahoo!

He is known for designing the software of the first transistor-based computer Philco Transac S-2000, and for his work on programming language design which influenced the ALGOL language.

Jeanne Ferrante (born January 3, 1949) is an American computer scientist active in the field of compiler technology.

Mads Tofte (born 20 April 1959) is a Danish computer scientist who has contributed in particular to functional programming and the Standard ML programming language.

He is senior research director at INRIA and mostly known for his major and seminal contributions to type theory, programming language theory, and to the theory of computation.