Computer Architecture

approximate adders, approximate multipliers and other logical circuits can reduce hardware overhead.

Reconfigurable computing is a computer architecture combining some of the flexibility of software with the high performance of hardware by processing with flexible hardware platforms like field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).

architecture design of VLSI integrated circuit chips

computer architecture and high performance computing

computer architecture, and analysis of algorithms

Hill specializes in computer architecture, parallel computing

ENIAC, EDVAC, and LARC design engineer

IBM System/360 family of machines

inventor of the random-access magnetic core memory matrices

design engineer for the IAS computer with John von Neumann

the logical design of the JAS computer

converted the ENIAC to a stored program computer

experimented with using vacuum tube circuits to perform arithmetic

an inventor of magnetic drum storage

developer and implementer of the MANIAC system

numerous innovations in Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) technology

Patt has spent much of his career pursuing aggressive ILP, out-of-order, and speculative computer architectures, such as HPSm, the High Performance Substrate for Microprocessors.

With Seymour Cray, he was the main developer of the pioneering supercomputer CDC 6600 (the first of the CDC 6000 series), which came onto the market in 1964.

He was awarded the 1991 ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award for his contributions in architecture and algorithms for chess machines.

He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2013 for contributions to design of branch predictors and cache memory for processor architectures.

best known for being a pioneer in the computing industry

During World War II, he designed plans for a mechanical pocket calculator (the Curta).

first series production mainframe computer

He co-founded Sun Microsystems in 1982 and was its chief hardware designer.

Computer Architecture and VLSI Systems (CARV) Laboratory,

The Mark II was constructed with high-speed electromagnetic relays instead of the electro-mechanical counters used in the Mark I

Like the earlier Z2, it comprised a combination of mechanical memory and electromechanical logic.

The Cray-3 system architecture comprised a foreground processing system, up to 16 background processors and up to 2 gigawords (16 GB) of common memory.

responsible for the hardware design of the ZX Spectrum

The ERA 1101, later renamed UNIVAC 1101, was a computer system designed and built by Engineering Research Associates (ERA)

The CDC STAR-100 is a vector supercomputer that was designed, manufactured, and marketed by Control Data Corporation (CDC).

The Cray C90 series (initially named the Y-MP C90) was a vector processor supercomputer launched by Cray Research in 1991.

The Jupiter Ace was a British home computer by Jupiter Cantab, released in 1982.

invented an early calculating machine

non-uniform memory access, vector processor supercomputer manufactured and sold by Cray Inc.

the CPUs being built using emitter-coupled logic (ECL)

It consisted of 96 racks containing 98,304 compute nodes

he replaced the arithmetic and control logic with 600 electrical relay circuits

Unlike earlier Cray designs, the SV1 included a vector cache.

Based on the Zilog Z80 and the general layout of the emerging S-100 standard

This original model of Compass lacked an internal battery compartment

The J90 evolved from the Cray Y-MP EL minisupercomputer

The MicroBee's most distinctive features are its user configurable video display

The Z80B CPU accesses selected parts of the large memory space in its 64 KB address space by slicing it into 16 KB banks

uses an enhanced version of the single chip vector processor that was introduced with the SX-6

built around the Zilog Z80 CPU, running at 4MHz

8-MHz 80C88-based MinisPort

the developers devised a distributed memory parallel vector computer architecture in which vector supercomputers were connected with crossbar switches.

The SX-6 processor is a single chip implementation containing a vector processor unit and a scalar processor

Primary: Motorola 68000 @ 10 MHz (some later boards 12 MHz)

The vector processing facilities had a memory-to-memory architecture

had a long career on the development of hard disk drives (HDD) starting with the IBM RAMAC

At the Mathematisch Centrum he contributed to the ARRA I and II and ARMAC.

The ARMAC was remarkable for its use of transistors.

It is based on Sega's Dreamcast console

The Cray XMS was a vector processor minisupercomputer

implements an eight-way SMP system in a compact node module

The machine contained three processors.

is an arcade system board that was the successor to Capcom's CP System and CP System II arcade hardware

It is based on most of the same hardware as the Family Computer (Famicom)

featuring a custom 64-bit RISC processor, 4 megabytes of program memory

the AmigaOne line uses PowerPC processors

The main CPU was a Motorola 68000 at 10 MHz.

Red Storm was a partitioned, space shared, tightly coupled, massively parallel processing machine with a high performance 3D mesh network.

The Scorpion ZS-256 was a very widespread ZX Spectrum clone produced in St. Petersburg by Sergey Zonov

developing the basics of video circuitry principles

The Cray EL90 series was an air-cooled vector processor supercomputer first sold by Cray Research in 1993.

The SX-ACE is a vector supercomputer based on the NEC SX series by NEC Corporation.

worked in a team that developed programs for the Ferranti Mark 1 computer

The 6000 series has a distributed architecture.

The System 573 uses the same system design as the original Sony PlayStation but with a few upgrades.

featuring a 2.304 MHz CMOS CPU

The Fujitsu FACOM VP is a series of vector supercomputers designed, manufactured, and marketed by Fujitsu

Thelma's fascination with computer technology led her to help design Israel's first computer, the WEIZAC, in 1954.

exA-Arcadia is a ROM cartridge-based arcade system board, released by the game company exA-Arcadia on 27 November 2019.

The C-One is a single-board computer (SBC) created in 2002 as an enhanced version of the Commodore 64, a home computer popular in the 1980s.

The computer was equipped with a Zilog Z80A microprocessor with a clock frequency of 3.58 MHz.

The S-810 implements a Hitachi-designed extension of the IBM System/370 instruction set architecture with 83 vector instructions

is an American entrepreneur, computer chip designer and inventor

a professional MSX2 home computer for the high end market

The CPU architecture of HITACHI S-3800 Series was based on IBM System/370

The S-820 system has both a scalar and vector processor

in 1984 he invented the Verilog hardware description language

was a British computer designer

In 1932 Tauschek built a magnetic drum memory.

In computer science and processor design, speculative execution or speculation is a design characteristic

This technique is used in the CPU cache of the Intel 486 and in many processors in the PowerPC family

overclocking is the practice of increasing the clock rate of a semiconductor device, such as a processor, beyond its rated speed

Modern computers may contain a dedicated MAC, consisting of a multiplier implemented in combinational logic followed by an adder and an accumulator register

the first system (FM TOWNS model1 and model2) is based on an Intel 80386DX processor

which described many aspects of computer architecture and is considered the first modern example of programming

In 1642, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines (called Pascal's calculators and later Pascalines), establishing him as one of the first two inventors of the mechanical calculator.

a non-decimal adding machine (working with English pounds, shillings, pence, and farthings)

was an English engineer and teacher of mathematics, known for being the inventor of the slide rule

Poleni was the first to build a calculator that used a pinwheel design.

wurde unter seiner und des Mathematikers Robert Sauers Leitung die Programmgesteuerte Elektronische Rechenanlage München

Vaucanson was trying to automate the French textile industry with punch cards

Some consider these devices to be the oldest examples of the computer.

In 1774 he designed one of the earliest mechanical calculators

who conceived the difference engine in 1786

and two calculating machines (first in 1775)

In 1840 Fowler produced a mechanical calculating machine which operated using balanced ternary arithmetic.

best known for designing, patenting, and manufacturing the first commercially successful mechanical calculator, known as the Arithmometer

the best known of these is the Scheutzian calculation engine, invented in 1837 and finalized in 1843

chiefly remembered as the maker of Charles Babbage's first difference engine, between 1824 and 1833

He is also credited with building a calculating machine, which he donated to Grand Duke Ferdinando II, that borrows from both a Blaise Pascal machine and Napier's rods.

he was inspired by Blaise Pascal's work with calculating machines to combine the Pascaline with Napier's bones

He played an important role in the development of the earliest programmable loom

It is believed that this automaton has the largest cam-based memory of any automaton of the era.

The Schickard machine was particularly notable for its integration of an ingenious system of rotated Napier's bones for multiplication with a first known design for an adding machine

He is known for his mechanical calculators.

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of the earliest electronic computers.

Ferranti Mark 1, also known as the Manchester Electronic Computer in its sales literature, and thus sometimes called the Manchester Ferranti, was produced by British electrical engineering firm Ferranti Ltd.

Manchester Mark 1 was one of the earliest stored-program computers, developed at the Victoria University of Manchester, England from the Manchester Baby (operational in June 1948).

Whirlwind I is a vacuum-tube computer developed by the MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory for the U.S. Navy.

LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) was a series of early computer systems created by J. Lyons and Co.

CSIRAC (; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Automatic Computer), originally known as CSIR Mk 1, was Australia's first digital computer, and is the fifth stored-program computer in the world.

IAS machine was the first electronic computer built at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey.

LGP-30, standing for Librascope General Purpose and then Librascope General Precision, is an early off-the-shelf computer.

BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer) is an early electronic computer that was designed for Northrop Aircraft Company by the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC) in 1949. Eckert and Mauchly had started the design of EDVAC at the University of Pennsylvania, b

Pilot ACE (Automatic Computing Engine) was one of the first computers built in the United Kingdom.

JOHNNIAC is an early computer built in 1953 by the RAND Corporation (not Remington Rand, maker of the contemporaneous UNIVAC I computer) and based on the von Neumann architecture that had been pioneered on the IAS machine.

BESM (БЭСМ) is the series of Soviet mainframe computers built in 1950-60s.

Bendix G-15 is a computer introduced in 1956 by the Bendix Corporation, Computer Division, Los Angeles, California.

Harwell computer, or Harwell Dekatron computer, later known as the Wolverhampton Instrument for Teaching Computing from Harwell (WITCH), is an early British computer of the 1950s based on valves and relays.

Elea was a series of mainframe computers Olivetti developed starting in the late 1950s.

UNIVAC 1103 or ERA 1103, a successor to the UNIVAC 1101, ==History== Even before the completion of the Atlas (UNIVAC 1101), the Navy asked Engineering Research Associates to design a more powerful machine.

ORDVAC (Ordnance Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), is an early computer built by the University of Illinois for the Ballistic Research Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Ground.

DASK was the first computer in Denmark.

Mercury was an early commercial computer from the mid-1950s built by Ferranti.

Pegasus was an early British vacuum-tube (valve) computer built by Ferranti Ltd that pioneered design features to improve usability for both engineers and programmers.

The DEUCE (Digital Electronic Universal Computing Engine) was one of the earliest British commercially available computers, built by English Electric from 1955. It was the production version of the Pilot ACE, itself a cut-down version of Alan Turing's ACE.

BRLESC I (Ballistic Research Laboratories Electronic Scientific Computer) was one of the last of the first-generation electronic computers.

UNIVAC II computer was an improvement to the UNIVAC I that the UNIVAC division of Sperry Rand first delivered in 1958. The improvements included the expansion of core memory from 2,000 to 10,000 words; UNISERVO II tape drives, which could use either the old UN

Harvard Mark IV was an electronic stored-program computer built by Harvard University under the supervision of Howard Aiken for the United States Air Force.

Gamma 3 was an early electronic vacuum-tube computer.

SILLIAC (Sydney version of the Illinois Automatic Computer, i.e.

FUJIC was the first electronic digital computer in operation in Japan.

MANIAC II (Mathematical Analyzer Numerical Integrator and Automatic Computer Model II) is a first-generation electronic computer, that was built in 1957 for use at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.

MUSASINO-1 was one of the earliest electronic digital computers built in Japan.

DYSEAC was the second Standards Electronic Automatic Computer.

RAYDAC (for Raytheon Digital Automatic Computer) was a one-of-a-kind computer built by Raytheon.

UTEC (University of Toronto Electronic Computer), also known as UTEC Mark I, was an early computer built at the University of Toronto (U of T) in the early 1950s.

CALDIC (the California Digital Computer) is an electronic digital computer that was built at the University of California, Berkeley, with the assistance of the Office of Naval Research, between 1951 and 1955. It was to assist and enhance research being conduct

Hollerith Electronic Computer (HEC) was produced by the British Tabulating Machine Company (BTM) and was based on a design by Professor Andrew Booth of Birkbeck College, London.

DATAmatic 1000 is an obsolete computer system from Honeywell introduced in 1957. It uses vacuum tubes and crystal diodes for logic, and featured a unique magnetic tape format for storage.

Reeves Electronic Analog Computer (commonly shortened REAC) was a family of early analog computers produced in the United States by Reeves Instrument Corporation from the 1940s through the 1960s.

Apple II is a series of microcomputers manufactured by Apple Computer, Inc.

IBM Personal Computer (model 5150), often referred to as the IBM PC, is the first microcomputer released in the IBM PC model line and the basis for the IBM PC compatible de facto standard.

Commodore 64, also known as the C64, is an 8-bit home computer introduced in January 1982 by Commodore International (first shown at the Consumer Electronics Show, January 7-10, 1982, in Las Vegas).

TRS-80 Micro Computer System (TRS-80, colloquially known as the "Trash-80", later renamed the TRS-80 Model I to distinguish it from its successors) is a desktop microcomputer developed by American company Tandy Corporation and sold through their Radio Sha

The ZX Spectrum (UK: ) is an 8-bit home computer developed and marketed by Sinclair Research.

Cray-2 is a supercomputer with four vector processors made by Cray Research starting in 1985. At 1.9 GFLOPS peak performance, it was the fastest machine in the world when it was released, a title formerly held by the Cray X-MP. It was, in turn, surpassed by th

Connection Machine (CM) is a member of a series of massively parallel supercomputers sold by Thinking Machines Corporation.

Deep Blue was a customized IBM RS/6000 SP supercomputer for chess-playing designed by computer scientist Feng-hsiung Hsu.

ILLIAC IV was the first massively parallel computer.

Cray X-MP was a supercomputer designed, built and sold by Cray Research.

Lisp machines are general-purpose computers designed to efficiently run Lisp as their main software and programming language, usually via hardware support.

IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data-Processing Machine is an early digital computer produced by IBM in the mid-1950s.

IBM 1401 is a variable-wordlength decimal computer that was announced by IBM on October 5, 1959. The first member of the highly successful IBM 1400 series, it was aimed at replacing unit record equipment for processing data stored on punched cards and at provi

PDP-8 is a family of 12-bit minicomputers that was produced by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).

Amiga is a family of personal computers produced by Commodore from 1985 until the company's bankruptcy in 1994, with production by others afterward.

Atari 8-bit computers, formally launched as the Atari Home Computer System, are a series of home computers introduced by Atari, Inc., in 1979 with the Atari 400 and Atari 800. The architecture is designed around the 8-bit MOS Technology 6502 CPU and three cust

BBC Microcomputer System, or BBC Micro, is a family of microcomputers developed and manufactured by Acorn Computers in the early 1980s as part of the BBC's Computer Literacy Project.

Osborne 1 is the first commercially successful portable computer, released on April 3, 1981, by Osborne Computer Corporation.

ZX81 is a home computer developed by Sinclair Research and manufactured in Dundee, Scotland, by Timex Corporation.

Amstrad CPC (short for "Colour Personal Computer") is a series of 8-bit home computers produced by Amstrad between 1984 and 1990. It was designed to compete in the mid-1980s home computer market dominated by the Commodore 64 and the ZX Spectrum; it successfull

VAX (an acronym for virtual address extension) is a series of computers featuring a 32-bit instruction set architecture (ISA) and virtual memory that was developed and sold by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in the late 20th century.

PDP-11 is a series of 16-bit minicomputers originally sold by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) from 1970 into the late 1990s, one of a set of products in the Programmed Data Processor (PDP) series.

Blue Gene was an IBM project aimed at designing supercomputers that can reach operating speeds in the petaFLOPS (PFLOPS) range, with relatively low power consumption.

IBM System/390 is a discontinued mainframe product family implementing ESA/390, the fifth generation of the System/360 instruction set architecture.

IBM AS/400 (Application System/400) is a family of midrange computers from IBM announced in June 1988 and released in August 1988. It was the successor to the System/36 and System/38 platforms, and ran the OS/400 operating system.

UNIVAC 1100/2200 series is a series of compatible 36-bit computer systems, beginning with the UNIVAC 1107 in 1962, initially made by Sperry Rand.

Honeywell 6000 series computers were a further development (using integrated circuits) of General Electric's 600-series mainframes manufactured by Honeywell International, Inc.

ICL 2900 Series was a range of mainframe computer systems announced by the British manufacturer International Computers Limited on 9 October 1974. The company had started development under the name "New Range" immediately on its formation in 1968. The range wa

GE-600 series is a family of 36-bit mainframe computers originating in the 1960s, built by General Electric (GE).

CAP computer was the first successful experimental computer that demonstrated the use of security capabilities, both in hardware and software.

Xerox NoteTaker is a portable computer developed at Xerox PARC in Palo Alto, California, in 1978. Although it did not enter production, and only around ten prototypes were built, it strongly influenced the design of the later Osborne 1 and Compaq Portable comp

Sun-1 was the first generation of UNIX computer workstations and servers produced by Sun Microsystems, launched in May 1982. These were based on a CPU board designed by Andy Bechtolsheim while he was a graduate student at Stanford University and funded by DARP

Summit or OLCF-4 was a supercomputer developed by IBM for use at Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF), a facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States of America.

The Sunway TaihuLight (Chinese: 神威·太湖之光 Shénwēi·tàihú zhī guāng) is a Chinese supercomputer which, as of November 2025, is ranked 24th in the TOP500 list, with a LINPACK benchmark rating of 93 petaflops.

Titan or OLCF-3 was a supercomputer built by Cray at Oak Ridge National Laboratory for use in a variety of science projects.

RCA Spectra 70 is a line of mainframe computers and related electronic data processing (EDP) equipment that was manufactured by the Radio Corporation of America’s computer division beginning in April 1965. The Spectra 70 line included several CPU models, vario

VIC-20 (known as the VC-20 in Germany and the VIC-1001 in Japan) is an 8-bit entry level home computer that was sold by Commodore Business Machines.

TI-99/4 and TI-99/4A are home computers released by Texas Instruments (TI) in 1979 and 1981, respectively.

TRS-80 Color Computer, later marketed as the Tandy Color Computer, is a series of home computers developed and sold by Tandy Corporation.

Atari ST is a line of personal computers from Atari Corporation and the successor to the company's 8-bit computers.

IBM 7090 is a second-generation transistorized version of the earlier IBM 709 vacuum-tube mainframe computer that was designed for "large-scale scientific and technological applications". The 7090 is the fourth member of the IBM 700/7000 series scientific comp

ETA10 is a vector supercomputer designed, manufactured, and marketed by ETA Systems, a spin-off division of Control Data Corporation (CDC).

The Holborn 9100 was a personal computer introduced in 1981 by a small Dutch company called Holborn. Only around 200 of these devices were sold, with Holborn going into bankruptcy in 1983.

Verilog, standardized as IEEE 1364, is a hardware description language (HDL) used to model electronic systems.

VHDL (VHSIC hardware description language) is a hardware description language that can model the behavior and structure of digital systems at multiple levels of abstraction, ranging from the system level down to that of logic gates.

SystemC is a set of C++ classes and macros which provide an event-driven simulation interface (see also discrete event simulation).

SystemVerilog, standardized as IEEE 1800 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), is a hardware description and hardware verification language commonly used to model, design, simulate, test and implement electronic systems in the semico

Marilyn Claire Wolf (born April 12, 1958) is an American computer engineer who works as Elmer E. Koch Professor of Engineering and Founding Director of the School of Computing at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

Artificial neural network, Neural Networks Network on a chip, Networks on Chip Microprocessors

He has written and co-authored many academic papers concerning computer architecture.

Electrical engineering microprocessor

Electronic engineering Microprocessor

The MANIAC I (Mathematical Analyzer Numerical Integrator and Automatic Computer Model I) is an early computer that was built under the direction of Nicholas Metropolis at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and was completed in 1952.

The ILLIAC I (Illinois Automatic Computer), a pioneering computer in the ILLIAC series of computers built in 1952 by the University of Illinois, was the first computer built and owned entirely by a United States educational institution.

TIFRAC (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Automatic Calculator) was the first computer developed in India, at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai.

The UNIVAC 1105 was a follow-on computer to the UNIVAC 1103A introduced by Sperry Rand in September 1958.

The Datatron is a family of vacuum tube computers, developed by ElectroData Corporation, that used internal decimal operations and first shipped in 1954.

The UNIVAC 1102 or ERA 1102 was designed by Engineering Research Associates for the United States Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development Center in Tullahoma, Tennessee in response to a request for proposal issued in 1950 and awarded to ERA in October of 1952.

The MISTIC, or Michigan State Integral Computer, was the first computer system at Michigan State University and was built by its students, faculty and staff in 1957.

The ALWAC III-E or Wegematic 1000 was an early commercial vacuum-tube computer employing a rotating magnetic drum main storage unit, operational in 1955.

SPEEDAC, the SPErry Electronic Digital Automatic Computer, was an early digital computer built by Sperry Corporation in 1953.

The Elliot 152 was a vacuum tube fixed-program computer developed for naval gunnery control at the Elliott Brothers laboratory in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire.

MIDAC was the acronym for the Michigan Digital Automatic Computer, a pioneering digital computer at the University of Michigan, the university's first.

Perseus was a vacuum tube (valve) computer built by Ferranti Ltd of Great Britain.

The IBM System/370 (S/370) is a range of computers, from entry-level to mainframes, announced as the successors to the System/360 family on June 30, 1970.

He was involved with developing IBM's first transistorized supercomputer, 7030 Stretch, and mainframe computer, System/360.

Kathryn S. McKinley is an American computer scientist noted for her research on compilers, runtime systems, and computer architecture.