Artificial Intelligence studies how to build systems that perform tasks which, when done by people, are said to require intelligence: reasoning, learning, perception and language understanding among them. The field takes its name from a 1956 summer workshop at Dartmouth College, organized by John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester and Claude Shannon, where McCarthy proposed the term. Its history has moved through repeated cycles of rapid progress and disillusionment, commonly called AI winters, as different approaches, symbolic reasoning, expert systems, and later statistical machine learning and neural networks, rose and fell in favor.
Facts
Origin YearThe year of the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, where John McCarthy proposed the field's name. Core ConcernHow to build systems that reason, learn, perceive or use language in ways that would be called intelligent if done by a person. 2 Artificial Intelligence
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Associated With
Source Wikipedia: Bioinformatics
Computational creativity sits at the intersection of artificial intelligence with cognitive psychology, philosophy and the arts.
Source Computational Creativity (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Computer Vision
Evolutionary programming, a founding strand of evolutionary computation, was considered an artificial intelligence endeavor from its 1962 origin.
Source Evolutionary Computation (Wikipedia)
Human-based computation is described as central to training deep-learning AI systems.
Source Human-Based Computation (Wikipedia)
Source Human-Robot Interaction (Wikipedia)
John McCarthy, Pioneers John McCarthy coined the term artificial intelligence for the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, the workshop that founded the field as a distinct research area.
Source The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital RevolutionWalter Isaacson
Machine Learning, Fields Machine learning is studied as a field within artificial intelligence.
Source Wikipedia: Machine learning
Multi-agent systems research is characterized in its own article as concerned with AI problem-solving architectures.
Source Multi-Agent Systems (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Natural Language Processing
Neuromorphic computing is aimed explicitly at artificial intelligence applications among others.
Source Neuromorphic Computing (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Robotics
Swarm intelligence is explicitly employed in artificial intelligence work per its own lead.
Source Swarm Intelligence (Wikipedia)
Includes
Source ACM A.M. Turing Award Citations
Source The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital RevolutionWalter Isaacson
Source Wikipedia: Marvin Minsky
Source Wikipedia: Prolog
Sources
1. The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution
Walter Isaacson, Simon and Schuster, 2014
2. Encyclopedia Britannica: Computer Science
Encyclopedia Britannica Editors, Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc, 2024View the Source Wikipedia: Artificial intelligence
WikipediaLead sectionQuote, Lead section
Artificial intelligence is the capability of computational systems to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making.
ACM A.M. Turing Award Citations
Wikipedia: Machine learning
WikipediaAssociated With: Machine Learning, Introduction sectionQuote, Associated With: Machine Learning, Introduction section
Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence
Wikipedia: Prolog
Wikipedia: Computer Vision
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Computer Vision, History sectionQuote, Associated With: Computer Vision, History section
In the late 1960s, computer vision began at universities that were pioneering artificial intelligence.
Wikipedia: Robotics
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Robotics, Lead sectionQuote, Associated With: Robotics, Lead section
Robotic programs can be run by remote control, artificial intelligence (AI), or a hybrid of the two.
Wikipedia: Natural Language Processing
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Natural Language Processing, Lead sectionQuote, Associated With: Natural Language Processing, Lead section
NLP is a subfield of computer science and is closely associated with artificial intelligence.
Wikipedia: Bioinformatics
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Bioinformatics, History sectionQuote, Associated With: Bioinformatics, History section
Analyzing biological data to produce meaningful information involves writing and running software programs that use algorithms from graph theory, artificial intelligence, soft computing, data mining, image processing, and computer simulation.
Computational Creativity (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Computational Creativity, Lead sectionQuote, Associated With: Computational Creativity, Lead section
Computational creativity (also known as artificial creativity, mechanical creativity, creative computing or creative computation) is a multidisciplinary endeavour that is located at the intersection of the fields of artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, philosophy, and the arts.
Evolutionary Computation (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Evolutionary Computation, History sectionQuote, Associated With: Evolutionary Computation, History section
In 1962, Lawrence J. Fogel initiated the research of Evolutionary Programming in the United States, which was considered an artificial intelligence endeavor.
Human-Based Computation (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Human-Based Computation, Lead sectionQuote, Associated With: Human-Based Computation, Lead section
For computationally difficult tasks such as image recognition, human-based computation plays a central role in training deep learning-based Artificial Intelligence systems.
Multi-Agent Systems (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Multi-Agent Systems, Research sectionQuote, Associated With: Multi-Agent Systems, Research section
The study of multi-agent systems is "concerned with the development and analysis of sophisticated AI problem-solving and control architectures..."
Neuromorphic Computing (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Neuromorphic Computing, Lead sectionQuote, Associated With: Neuromorphic Computing, Lead section
Neuromorphic systems aim to enhance energy efficiency and computational power for applications including artificial intelligence, pattern recognition, and sensory processing.
Swarm Intelligence (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Swarm Intelligence, Lead sectionQuote, Associated With: Swarm Intelligence, Lead section
The concept is employed in work on artificial intelligence.
Wikipedia: Marvin Minsky
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Marvin Minsky, introduction, first sentenceQuote, Includes: Marvin Minsky, introduction, first sentence
Marvin Lee Minsky (August 9, 1927, January 24, 2016) was an American mathematician who conducted research in the cognitive and computer science aspects of artificial intelligence (AI).
Human-Robot Interaction (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Human-Robot Interaction, Lead section, first two sentencesQuote, Associated With: Human-Robot Interaction, Lead section, first two sentences
Human-robot interaction (HRI) is the study of interactions between humans and robots. Human-robot interaction is a multidisciplinary field with contributions from human-computer interaction, artificial intelligence, robotics, natural language processing, design, psychology and philosophy.
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