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Natural Language Processing

Also Known As NLP
Computing Methodologies

Natural language processing is a field of computer science and artificial intelligence concerned with the computational processing of human language. It spans tasks from speech recognition and text classification to natural language understanding and generation, drawing on computational linguistics, knowledge representation and information retrieval. This description is adapted from Wikipedia contributors under CC BY-SA 4.0; changes were made. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Facts
Origin Year
1950 1
Core Concern
Enabling computers to process, understand and generate human language, historically tracing to Alan Turing's 1950 paper proposing what became known as the Turing test. 1
Connections

Associated With

Alan Turing, Pioneers
Source Wikipedia: Natural Language Processing
Source Wikipedia: Natural Language Processing
Source Human-Robot Interaction (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Natural Language Processing

Includes

Source Wikipedia: Alberto Ciaramella
Source Aravind Joshi (Wikipedia)
Source Barbara J. Grosz (Wikipedia)
Source Bernard Vauquois, Wikipedia
Source Cheng Xiang Zhai (Wikipedia)
Source Christopher D. Manning (Wikipedia)
Source Claire Cardie - Wikipedia
Dan Jurafsky, Pioneers
Source Wikipedia: Dan Jurafsky
Dan Klein, Pioneers
Source Wikipedia: Dan Klein
Source Wikipedia: Dragomir R. Radev
Eduard Hovy, Pioneers
Source Eduard Hovy (Wikipedia)
Source James Pustejovsky (Wikipedia)
Source IEEE Computer Society History Committee: Computer Pioneers: Joseph Weizenbaum
Source Wikipedia: Julia Hirschberg
Source Kathleen McKeown (Wikipedia)
Makoto Nagao, Pioneers
Source Wikipedia: Makoto Nagao
Source Martha Palmer (Wikipedia)
Martin Kay, Pioneers
Source Martin Kay (Wikipedia)
Source Mirella Lapata (Wikipedia)
Source Philipp Koehn (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Prolog
Source Ralph Grishman (Wikipedia)
Ray Kurzweil, Pioneers
Source Ray Kurzweil (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Roberto Pieraccini Encyclopedia Article
Source Wikipedia: Rohini Kesavan Srihari
Source Ronald Kaplan (Wikipedia)
Source Sophia Ananiadou (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Text-to-video model
Source Witten-Bell discounting (Wikipedia)
Word2Vec, Algorithms
Source Word2Vec (Wikipedia)
Sources
1. Wikipedia: Natural Language Processing
Wikimedia Foundation
  • Introduction, before History subsection
    Major processing tasks in an NLP system include: speech recognition, text classification, natural language understanding, and natural language generation.
  • History section
    Natural language processing has its roots in the 1950s.
  • History
    Already in 1950, Alan Turing published an article titled "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," which proposed what is now called the Turing test as a criterion of intelligence, though at the time that was not articulated as a problem separate from artificial intelligence.
  • Lead section
    Natural language processing (NLP) is the processing of natural language information by a computer.
  • Associated With: Alan Turing, History section, Turing's 1950 paper
View the Source
Wikipedia: Prolog
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Prolog, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Prolog, Lead section
The language has been used for theorem proving, expert systems, term rewriting, type systems, automated planning, and question answering as well as its original intended field of use, natural language processing.
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Human-Robot Interaction (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Human-Robot Interaction, Lead section, first two sentences
Quote, Associated With: Human-Robot Interaction, Lead section, first two sentences
Human-robot interaction (HRI) is the study of interactions between humans and robots. Human-robot interaction is a multidisciplinary field with contributions from human-computer interaction, artificial intelligence, robotics, natural language processing, design, psychology and philosophy.
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IEEE Computer Society History Committee: Computer Pioneers: Joseph Weizenbaum
IEEE Computer Society History CommitteeIncludes: Joseph Weizenbaum, Biography header
Quote, Includes: Joseph Weizenbaum, Biography header
inventor in 1965 of ELIZA, the mechanical psychiatrist
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Ray Kurzweil (Wikipedia)
Includes: Ray Kurzweil, Lead
Quote, Includes: Ray Kurzweil, Lead
He is involved in fields such as optical character recognition (OCR), text-to-speech synthesis, speech recognition technology and electronic keyboard instruments.
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Word2Vec (Wikipedia)
Includes: Word2Vec, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Word2Vec, Lead sentence
Word2Vec is a technique for obtaining vector representations of words as word embeddings.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Text-to-video model
Includes: Text-to-Video Model, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Text-to-Video Model, Lead sentence
text-to-video model is a form of generative AI that uses a natural language description as input to produce a video relevant to the input text.
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Claire Cardie - Wikipedia
  • Includes: Claire Cardie, Lead sentence
    Claire Cardie is an American computer scientist specializing in natural language processing.
  • Includes: Claire Cardie, Lead paragraph
View the Source
Kathleen McKeown (Wikipedia)
  • Includes: Kathleen McKeown, Lead sentence
    Kathleen R. McKeown is an American computer scientist, specializing in natural language processing.
  • Includes: Kathleen McKeown, Lead paragraph
View the Source
Wikipedia: Dan Jurafsky
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Dan Jurafsky, Lead paragraphView the Source
Wikipedia: Roberto Pieraccini Encyclopedia Article
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Roberto Pieraccini, Lead paragraphView the Source
Wikipedia: Makoto Nagao
Includes: Makoto Nagao, Lead paragraphView the Source
Wikipedia: Dan Klein
Includes: Dan Klein, Lead paragraphView the Source
Wikipedia: Alberto Ciaramella
Includes: Alberto Ciaramella, Lead paragraphView the Source
Wikipedia: Julia Hirschberg
Includes: Julia Hirschberg, Lead paragraphView the Source
Bernard Vauquois, Wikipedia
Includes: Bernard Vauquois, Lead paragraphView the Source
Wikipedia: Dragomir R. Radev
Includes: Dragomir R. Radev, Lead paragraphView the Source
Mirella Lapata (Wikipedia)
Includes: Mirella Lapata, Lead paragraphView the Source
Ralph Grishman (Wikipedia)
Includes: Ralph Grishman, Lead paragraphView the Source
Philipp Koehn (Wikipedia)
Includes: Philipp Koehn, Lead paragraphView the Source
Martha Palmer (Wikipedia)
Includes: Martha Palmer, Lead paragraphView the Source
Cheng Xiang Zhai (Wikipedia)
Includes: Cheng Xiang Zhai, Infobox field and known_for, lead paragraphView the Source
Wikipedia: Rohini Kesavan Srihari
Includes: Rohini Kesavan Srihari, Infobox field and known_for, lead paragraphView the Source
Aravind Joshi (Wikipedia)
Includes: Aravind Joshi, Infobox field and known_for, lead paragraphView the Source
Witten-Bell discounting (Wikipedia)
Includes: Witten-Bell discounting, Lead
Quote, Includes: Witten-Bell discounting, Lead
In natural language processing, Witten-Bell discounting is a method that can address the sparse data and zero-frequency issues in N-gram algorithms.
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Eduard Hovy (Wikipedia)
Includes: Eduard Hovy, Lead
Quote, Includes: Eduard Hovy, Lead
He is one of the original 17 Fellows of the Association for Computational Linguistics.
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Martin Kay (Wikipedia)
Includes: Martin Kay, Lead
Quote, Includes: Martin Kay, Lead
Martin Kay (1935-7 August 2021) was a British computer scientist, known especially for his work in computational linguistics.
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Barbara J. Grosz (Wikipedia)
Includes: Barbara J. Grosz, Lead
Quote, Includes: Barbara J. Grosz, Lead
She has made seminal contributions to the fields of natural language processing and multi-agent systems.
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Sophia Ananiadou (Wikipedia)
Includes: Sophia Ananiadou, Lead
Quote, Includes: Sophia Ananiadou, Lead
Her research focusses on biomedical text mining and natural language processing and has fed into the development of numerous applications that, for example, facilitate the discovery of new knowledge, enable exploration of historical archives, allow semantic search of biomedical literature, reduce human effort in screening search hits for production of systematic reviews, enable enrichment of metabolic pathway models with evidence from the literature, allow discovery of risk in the construction industry from health and safety incident reports and enable interoperability of components in text mining workflows.
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Ronald Kaplan (Wikipedia)
Includes: Ronald M. Kaplan, Lead
Quote, Includes: Ronald M. Kaplan, Lead
He was previously vice president and distinguished scientist at Nuance Communications and director of Nuance' Natural Language and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
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James Pustejovsky (Wikipedia)
Includes: James Pustejovsky, Lead
Quote, Includes: James Pustejovsky, Lead
His expertise includes theoretical and computational modeling of language, specifically: Computational linguistics, Lexical semantics, Knowledge representation, temporal and spatial reasoning and Extraction.
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Christopher D. Manning (Wikipedia)
Includes: Christopher D. Manning, Lead
Quote, Includes: Christopher D. Manning, Lead
Christopher David Manning is an Australian-American computer scientist and applied linguist specialising in the areas of natural language processing, artificial intelligence, and machine learning.
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