Cryptography

A large-scale quantum computer could break widely used encryption schemes and aid physicists in performing physical simulations.

A blockchain is a distributed ledger with growing lists of records (blocks) that are securely linked together via cryptographic hashes.

born July 6, 1952) is an Israeli cryptographer and inventor.

pioneered the field of provable security, which laid the mathematical foundations that made modern cryptography possible.

Quantum cryptography devices are now available for commercial use.

formal methods, cryptography and privacy-enhancing technologies

developed a practical system of quantum cryptography

was a German-American cryptographer who worked on the design of ciphers at IBM

In cryptography, XTEA (eXtended TEA) is a block cipher designed to correct weaknesses in TEA.

A5/1 is a stream cipher used to provide over-the-air communication privacy in the GSM cellular telephone standard.

During World War II he worked with Tommy Flowers at Bletchley Park on Colossus, the world's first electronic computer, that helped to decode encrypted German messages using the Lorenz cipher.

By 1944 ten Colossus computers were installed at Bletchley Park and used to read high-level (Fish or Tunny) German ciphers.

is a monoalphabetic substitution cipher originally used to encrypt the Hebrew alphabet

TOTP is a cornerstone of the Initiative for Open Authentication (OATH) and is used in a number of two-factor authentication (2FA) systems.

In cryptography, the ADFGVX cipher was a manually applied field cipher

In cryptography, a cipher block chaining message authentication code (CBC-MAC) is a technique for constructing a message authentication code (MAC) from a block cipher.

Data Encryption Standard (DES ) is a symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of digital data.

In cryptography, SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) is a hash function which takes an input and produces a 160-bit (20-byte) hash value known as a message digest - typically rendered as 40 hexadecimal digits.

Triple DES (3DES or TDES), officially the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA or Triple DEA), is a symmetric-key block cipher, which applies the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher algorithm three times to each data block.

Twofish is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes up to 256 bits.

ChaCha20-Poly1305 is an authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) algorithm, that combines the ChaCha20 stream cipher with the Poly1305 message authentication code.

Salsa20 (formerly known as Snuffle 2005) and the closely related ChaCha are stream ciphers developed by Daniel J. Bernstein.

ElGamal encryption system is a public-key encryption algorithm based on the Diffie-Hellman key exchange.

Argon2 is a key derivation function that was selected as the winner of the 2015 Password Hashing Competition.

BLAKE is a cryptographic hash function based on Daniel J. Bernstein's ChaCha stream cipher, but a permuted copy of the input block, XORed with round constants, is added before each ChaCha round.

International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA), originally called Improved Proposed Encryption Standard (IPES), is a symmetric-key block cipher designed by James Massey of ETH Zurich and Xuejia Lai and was first described in 1991. The algorithm was intended as

Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) is a public-key cryptosystem and Federal Information Processing Standard for digital signatures, based on the mathematical concept of modular exponentiation and the discrete logarithm problem.

PBKDF1 and PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 1 and 2) are key derivation functions with a sliding computational cost, used to reduce vulnerability to brute-force attacks.

Poly1305 is a universal hash family designed by Daniel J. Bernstein in 2002 for use in cryptography.

RIPEMD (RIPE Message Digest) is a family of cryptographic hash functions developed in 1992 (the original RIPEMD) and 1996 (other variants).

Skipjack is a block cipher - an algorithm for encryption - developed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA).

Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) is a block cipher notable for its simplicity of description and implementation, typically a few lines of code.

ShāngMì 4 (SM4, 商密4) (formerly SMS4) is a block cipher, standardised for commercial cryptography in China.

McEliece cryptosystem is an asymmetric encryption algorithm developed in 1978 by Robert McEliece.

Schnorr signature is a digital signature produced by the Schnorr signature algorithm that was invented by Claus Schnorr.

Paillier cryptosystem, invented by and named after Pascal Paillier in 1999, is a probabilistic asymmetric algorithm for public key cryptography.

Message Authenticator Algorithm (MAA) was one of the first cryptographic functions for computing a message authentication code (MAC).

HKDF is a multi-purpose key derivation function (KDF) based on the HMAC message authentication code.

yescrypt is a cryptographic key derivation function used for password hashing on Fedora Linux, Debian, Ubuntu, and Arch Linux.

Srini Devadas is an Indian-American computer scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) who specializes in computer security, computer architectures, and applied cryptography.

Ran Canetti (Hebrew: רן קנטי) is an Israeli cryptographer.

Nadia Heninger (born 1982) is an American cryptographer, computer security expert, and computational number theorist at the University of California, San Diego.

Quantum cryptography Quantum counting algorithm Quantum teleportation Quantum entanglement Quantum pseudo-telepathy Amplitude amplification Commitment scheme BB84 BHT algorithm

Statistician, cryptologist

Atalla (Arabic: محمد عطاالله; August 4, 1924, December 30, 2009) was an Egyptian-American engineer, physicist, cryptographer, inventor and entrepreneur.

Her research focuses on applied cryptography, including in the fields of healthcare and banking.

Charles Weill Rackoff is an American cryptologist and professor of computer science at the University of Toronto Mississauga.

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known by its original name Rijndael (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɛindaːl], RAIN-dahl), is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. AES is a variant of the Rijndael block cipher developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, who submitted a proposal to NIST during the AES selection process.

In cryptography, RC4 (also known as ARC4 or ARCFOUR, meaning Alleged RC4, see below) is a stream cipher.

bcrypt is a password-hashing function designed by Niels Provos and David Mazières.

Threefish is a symmetric-key tweakable block cipher designed as part of the Skein hash function, an entry in the NIST hash function competition.

In cryptography, RC5 is a symmetric-key block cipher notable for its simplicity.

In cryptography, RC6 is a symmetric key block cipher derived from RC5.

Kuznyechik (Russian for 'Grasshopper'; Cyrillic script: Кузнечик) is a symmetric block cipher.

The MD5 message-digest algorithm is a widely used hash function producing a 128-bit hash value. MD5 was designed by Ronald Rivest in 1991 to replace an earlier hash function MD4, and was specified in 1992 as RFC 1321. MD5 can be used as a checksum to verify data integrity against unintentional corruption.

Shamir's secret sharing (SSS) is an efficient secret sharing algorithm for distributing private information (the "secret") among a group, first developed by Adi Shamir in 1979.

A Caesar cipher is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques used in cryptography.

In cryptography, FEAL (the Fast data Encipherment Algorithm) is a block cipher proposed as an alternative to the Data Encryption Standard (DES), and designed to be much faster in software.

Proof of work (also written as proof-of-work, and abbreviated PoW) is a form of cryptographic proof in which one party (the prover) proves to others (the verifiers) that a certain amount of a specific computational effort has been expended.

The Beaufort cipher, created by Sir Francis Beaufort, is a substitution cipher similar to the Vigenère cipher, with a slightly modified enciphering mechanism and tableau.

The GOST block cipher (Magma), defined in the standard GOST 28147-89, is a Soviet and Russian government standard symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 64 bits.

In cryptography, Lucifer was the name given to several of the earliest civilian block ciphers, developed by Horst Feistel and his colleagues at IBM.

The Solitaire cryptographic algorithm was designed by Bruce Schneier at the request of Neal Stephenson for use in his novel Cryptonomicon, in which field agents use it to communicate securely without having to rely on electronics or having to carry incriminating tools.

In cryptography, Camellia is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes of 128, 192 and 256 bits.

In computer science and cryptography, Whirlpool (sometimes styled WHIRLPOOL) is a cryptographic hash function.

Vincent Rijmen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈvɪnsɛnt ˈrɛimə(n)]; born 16 October 1970) is a Belgian cryptographer and one of the two designers of the Rijndael, the Advanced Encryption Standard.

Amit Sahai (born 1974) is an Indian-American computer scientist and cryptographer.

Wang Xiaoyun (simplified Chinese: 王小云; traditional Chinese: 王小雲; pinyin: Wáng Xiǎoyún; born 1966) is a Chinese cryptographer, mathematician, and computer scientist.

She was previously the head of research at the Algorand Foundation and the head of the cryptography research group at IBM's Thomas J.

Eli Biham (Hebrew: אלי ביהם) is an Israeli cryptographer and cryptanalyst who is a professor at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Computer Science department.

Claus Peter Schnorr (4 August 1943-8 June 2025) was a German mathematician and cryptographer.

Ivan Bjerre Damgård (born 1956) is a Danish cryptographer and currently a professor at the Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, Denmark.

Jean-Jacques Quisquater (born 13 January 1945) is a Belgian cryptographer and a professor at the University of Louvain (UCLouvain).

He works in various fields of computer science, mainly the foundations of cryptography.

The Vigenère cipher (French pronunciation: [viʒnɛːʁ]) is a method of encrypting alphabetic text where each letter of the plaintext is encoded with a different Caesar cipher, whose increment is determined by the corresponding letter of another text, the key.

The device is used for fractionating plaintext characters so that they can be represented by a smaller set of symbols, which is useful for telegraphy, steganography, and cryptography.

Diffie-Hellman (DH) key exchange is a mathematical method of securely generating a symmetric cryptographic key over a public channel.

1950) is a cryptographer and mathematician.

David Lee Chaum (born 1955) is an American computer scientist, cryptographer, and inventor.

James Lee Massey (February 11, 1934, June 16, 2013) was an American information theorist and cryptographer, Professor Emeritus of Digital Technology at ETH Zurich.

Arjen Klaas Lenstra (born 2 March 1956, in Groningen) is a Dutch mathematician, cryptographer and computational number theorist.

He is known for his research in algorithmic number theory, algebra, post-quantum cryptography and IT security.

She is the Grace Murray Hopper Professor of Computer Science at Yale University and an Amazon Scholar in the AWS Cryptography group.