Cryptography

A large-scale quantum computer could break widely used encryption schemes and aid physicists in performing physical simulations.

A blockchain is a distributed ledger with growing lists of records (blocks) that are securely linked together via cryptographic hashes.

born July 6, 1952) is an Israeli cryptographer and inventor.

pioneered the field of provable security, which laid the mathematical foundations that made modern cryptography possible.

Quantum cryptography devices are now available for commercial use.

formal methods, cryptography and privacy-enhancing technologies

developed a practical system of quantum cryptography

was a German-American cryptographer who worked on the design of ciphers at IBM

In cryptography, XTEA (eXtended TEA) is a block cipher designed to correct weaknesses in TEA.

A5/1 is a stream cipher used to provide over-the-air communication privacy in the GSM cellular telephone standard.

During World War II he worked with Tommy Flowers at Bletchley Park on Colossus, the world's first electronic computer, that helped to decode encrypted German messages using the Lorenz cipher.

By 1944 ten Colossus computers were installed at Bletchley Park and used to read high-level (Fish or Tunny) German ciphers.

The MD4 Message-Digest Algorithm is a cryptographic hash function developed by Ronald Rivest in 1990.

is a monoalphabetic substitution cipher originally used to encrypt the Hebrew alphabet

TOTP is a cornerstone of the Initiative for Open Authentication (OATH) and is used in a number of two-factor authentication (2FA) systems.

In cryptography, the ADFGVX cipher was a manually applied field cipher

In cryptography, a cipher block chaining message authentication code (CBC-MAC) is a technique for constructing a message authentication code (MAC) from a block cipher.

The affine cipher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution cipher, where each letter in an alphabet is mapped to its numeric equivalent, encrypted using a simple mathematical function, and converted back to a letter.

is a cipher in which each word or letter in the plaintext of a message is replaced by some code that locates it in another text, the key

In cryptography, Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) is a mode of operation

Baconian ciphers are categorized as both a substitution cipher

is a cryptographer, currently a full professor at the University of Luxembourg

Skein is a cryptographic hash function and one of five finalists in the NIST hash function competition.

In cryptography, CAST-256 (or CAST6) is a symmetric-key block cipher published in June 1998.

Carlisle M. Adams is a Canadian cryptographer and computer security researcher.

Stafford Emanuel Tavares is a Canadian cryptographer, professor emeritus at Queen's University.

Howard M. Heys is a cryptographer, a retired professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Memorial University of Newfoundland;

is a cryptographic hash function defined in the Russian national standard GOST R 34.11-2012

In classical cryptography, the bifid cipher is a cipher which combines the Polybius square with transposition

The ElGamal signature scheme is a digital signature scheme which is based on the difficulty of computing discrete logarithms.

best known for inventing the bifid cipher

CLEFIA is a proprietary block cipher algorithm, developed by Sony.

In cryptography, Corrected Block TEA

This document describes the MD2 message-digest algorithm.

This memo describes a conventional (secret-key) block encryption

CAST-128 belongs to the class of encryption algorithms known as

This document describes a secret-key cryptosystem MISTY1, which is

The four-square cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique.

presented as a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG)

discovered the technique of linear cryptanalysis, published in 1993.

In cryptography, DES-X (or DESX)

SEED is a 128-bit symmetric key block cipher that has been developed

The MD6 Message-Digest Algorithm is a cryptographic hash function.

Each message is encrypted to each proxy using public key cryptography

In cryptography, a ring signature is a type of digital signature

ARIA is a block cipher designed in 2003 by a large group of South Korean researchers

KASUMI is a block cipher used in UMTS, GSM, and GPRS mobile communications systems.

Tiger is a cryptographic hash function designed by Ross Anderson and Eli Biham in 1995 for efficiency on 64-bit platforms.

It can be used as part of a cryptographic protocol to provide end-to-end encryption for instant messaging.

is a manual symmetric encryption technique

McEliece cryptosystem

Her research interest is in cryptography and information theory and their applications to information security systems.

In hash-based cryptography, the Merkle signature scheme is a digital signature scheme

Simon is a family of lightweight block ciphers publicly released by the National Security Agency (NSA) in June 2013.

In the history of cryptography, the Nihilist cipher is a manually operated symmetric encryption cipher

was a French diplomat, cryptographer, translator and alchemist.

is a cipher that incorporates the message (the plaintext) into the key.

He deals with number theory and cryptography.

A hash chain is the successive application of a cryptographic hash function to a piece of data.

Ascon is a family of lightweight authenticated ciphers and hash functions that have been selected by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for cryptography on resource-constrained devices in 2025

Trivium is a synchronous stream cipher designed to provide a flexible trade-off between speed and gate count in hardware, and reasonably efficient software implementation.

Fortuna is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CS-PRNG) devised by Bruce Schneier and Niels Ferguson and published in 2003.

HAVAL is a cryptographic hash function.

was one of the first polyalphabetic ciphers

is a cryptographic signature scheme which allows a user to verify that a signer is authentic

is a 256-bit cryptographic hash function

Shacham's research covers the areas of cryptography and security.

it is part of the Nihilist family of ciphers

is an Australian cryptographer, mathematician, and computer scientist

He is best known for inventing the signcryption cryptographic primitive that combines the digital signature and encryption operations into one single step.

He has worked on cryptography, in particular the XSL attack.

He is considered the founder of European cryptography

It may be used to provide assurance of the authenticity and, hence, the integrity of data.

The Yarrow algorithm is explicitly unpatented, royalty-free, and open source; no license is required to use it.

Rabbit is a high-speed stream cipher from 2003.

Though chosen as one of the five finalists of the competition, in 2012 JH ultimately lost to NIST hash candidate Keccak.

Falcon is a post-quantum signature scheme.

Grøstl is a cryptographic hash function submitted to the NIST hash function competition

Friedman coined several terms, including "cryptanalysis", and wrote many monographs on cryptography.

who deciphered enemy codes in both World Wars and helped to solve international smuggling cases during Prohibition

Vernam proposed a teleprinter cipher in which a previously prepared key, kept on paper tape, is combined character by character with the plaintext message to produce the ciphertext.

Among his notable contributions was the Hill cipher.

misuse resistance in the event of the reuse of a cryptographic nonce

was an early inventor of rotor machines, devices for encryption

In cryptography, the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm (CMEA) is a block cipher

In cryptography, SWIFFT is a collection of provably secure hash functions.

CryptGenRandom is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator function that is included in Microsoft CryptoAPI.

PRESENT is a lightweight block cipher

In cryptography, NewDES is a symmetric key block cipher.

a form of substitution cipher writing

In cryptography, Square

Bletchley Park codename for any of several German teleprinter stream ciphers

In cryptography, ICE (Information Concealment Engine) is a symmetric-key block cipher published by Matthew Kwan in 1997.

ISAAC (indirection, shift, accumulate, add, and count) is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator and a stream cipher designed by Robert J. Jenkins Jr. in 1993.

In cryptography, a product cipher combines two or more transformations

was an Italian cryptologist, born in Brescia.

della Porta published De Furtivis Literarum Notis, a work about cryptography.

a standard reference on cryptography in 1624: Cryptomenytices et Cryptographiae libri IX

most notably deciphered the coded letters of Babington Plot conspirators.

St. Aldegonde is considered to be the first Dutch cryptographer

Mnishovsky was also a poet and cryptographer

He deciphered the secret letters of the Catholic League and other enemies of the king.

was a Florentine cryptographer and cryptanalyst

Between 1643 and 1689 Wallis served as chief cryptographer for Parliament and, later, the royal court.

He also introduced the Cardan grille, a cryptographic writing tool, in 1550.

Data Encryption Standard (DES ) is a symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of digital data.

In cryptography, SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) is a hash function which takes an input and produces a 160-bit (20-byte) hash value known as a message digest - typically rendered as 40 hexadecimal digits.

Triple DES (3DES or TDES), officially the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA or Triple DEA), is a symmetric-key block cipher, which applies the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher algorithm three times to each data block.

Twofish is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes up to 256 bits.

ChaCha20-Poly1305 is an authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) algorithm, that combines the ChaCha20 stream cipher with the Poly1305 message authentication code.

Salsa20 (formerly known as Snuffle 2005) and the closely related ChaCha are stream ciphers developed by Daniel J. Bernstein.

ElGamal encryption system is a public-key encryption algorithm based on the Diffie-Hellman key exchange.

Argon2 is a key derivation function that was selected as the winner of the 2015 Password Hashing Competition.

BLAKE is a cryptographic hash function based on Daniel J. Bernstein's ChaCha stream cipher, but a permuted copy of the input block, XORed with round constants, is added before each ChaCha round.

International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA), originally called Improved Proposed Encryption Standard (IPES), is a symmetric-key block cipher designed by James Massey of ETH Zurich and Xuejia Lai and was first described in 1991. The algorithm was intended as

Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) is a public-key cryptosystem and Federal Information Processing Standard for digital signatures, based on the mathematical concept of modular exponentiation and the discrete logarithm problem.

PBKDF1 and PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 1 and 2) are key derivation functions with a sliding computational cost, used to reduce vulnerability to brute-force attacks.

Poly1305 is a universal hash family designed by Daniel J. Bernstein in 2002 for use in cryptography.

RIPEMD (RIPE Message Digest) is a family of cryptographic hash functions developed in 1992 (the original RIPEMD) and 1996 (other variants).

Skipjack is a block cipher - an algorithm for encryption - developed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA).

Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) is a block cipher notable for its simplicity of description and implementation, typically a few lines of code.

ShāngMì 4 (SM4, 商密4) (formerly SMS4) is a block cipher, standardised for commercial cryptography in China.

McEliece cryptosystem is an asymmetric encryption algorithm developed in 1978 by Robert McEliece.

Schnorr signature is a digital signature produced by the Schnorr signature algorithm that was invented by Claus Schnorr.

Paillier cryptosystem, invented by and named after Pascal Paillier in 1999, is a probabilistic asymmetric algorithm for public key cryptography.

Message Authenticator Algorithm (MAA) was one of the first cryptographic functions for computing a message authentication code (MAC).

HKDF is a multi-purpose key derivation function (KDF) based on the HMAC message authentication code.

yescrypt is a cryptographic key derivation function used for password hashing on Fedora Linux, Debian, Ubuntu, and Arch Linux.

Srini Devadas is an Indian-American computer scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) who specializes in computer security, computer architectures, and applied cryptography.

Ran Canetti (Hebrew: רן קנטי) is an Israeli cryptographer.

Nadia Heninger (born 1982) is an American cryptographer, computer security expert, and computational number theorist at the University of California, San Diego.

Quantum cryptography Quantum counting algorithm Quantum teleportation Quantum entanglement Quantum pseudo-telepathy Amplitude amplification Commitment scheme BB84 BHT algorithm

Statistician, cryptologist

Atalla (Arabic: محمد عطاالله; August 4, 1924, December 30, 2009) was an Egyptian-American engineer, physicist, cryptographer, inventor and entrepreneur.

Her research focuses on applied cryptography, including in the fields of healthcare and banking.

Charles Weill Rackoff is an American cryptologist and professor of computer science at the University of Toronto Mississauga.

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known by its original name Rijndael (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɛindaːl], RAIN-dahl), is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. AES is a variant of the Rijndael block cipher developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, who submitted a proposal to NIST during the AES selection process.

In cryptography, RC4 (also known as ARC4 or ARCFOUR, meaning Alleged RC4, see below) is a stream cipher.

bcrypt is a password-hashing function designed by Niels Provos and David Mazières.

Threefish is a symmetric-key tweakable block cipher designed as part of the Skein hash function, an entry in the NIST hash function competition.

In cryptography, RC5 is a symmetric-key block cipher notable for its simplicity.

In cryptography, RC6 is a symmetric key block cipher derived from RC5.

Kuznyechik (Russian for 'Grasshopper'; Cyrillic script: Кузнечик) is a symmetric block cipher.

The MD5 message-digest algorithm is a widely used hash function producing a 128-bit hash value. MD5 was designed by Ronald Rivest in 1991 to replace an earlier hash function MD4, and was specified in 1992 as RFC 1321. MD5 can be used as a checksum to verify data integrity against unintentional corruption.

Shamir's secret sharing (SSS) is an efficient secret sharing algorithm for distributing private information (the "secret") among a group, first developed by Adi Shamir in 1979.

A Caesar cipher is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques used in cryptography.

In cryptography, FEAL (the Fast data Encipherment Algorithm) is a block cipher proposed as an alternative to the Data Encryption Standard (DES), and designed to be much faster in software.

Proof of work (also written as proof-of-work, and abbreviated PoW) is a form of cryptographic proof in which one party (the prover) proves to others (the verifiers) that a certain amount of a specific computational effort has been expended.

The Beaufort cipher, created by Sir Francis Beaufort, is a substitution cipher similar to the Vigenère cipher, with a slightly modified enciphering mechanism and tableau.

The GOST block cipher (Magma), defined in the standard GOST 28147-89, is a Soviet and Russian government standard symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 64 bits.

In cryptography, Lucifer was the name given to several of the earliest civilian block ciphers, developed by Horst Feistel and his colleagues at IBM.

The Solitaire cryptographic algorithm was designed by Bruce Schneier at the request of Neal Stephenson for use in his novel Cryptonomicon, in which field agents use it to communicate securely without having to rely on electronics or having to carry incriminating tools.

In cryptography, Camellia is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes of 128, 192 and 256 bits.

In computer science and cryptography, Whirlpool (sometimes styled WHIRLPOOL) is a cryptographic hash function.

Vincent Rijmen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈvɪnsɛnt ˈrɛimə(n)]; born 16 October 1970) is a Belgian cryptographer and one of the two designers of the Rijndael, the Advanced Encryption Standard.

Amit Sahai (born 1974) is an Indian-American computer scientist and cryptographer.

Wang Xiaoyun (simplified Chinese: 王小云; traditional Chinese: 王小雲; pinyin: Wáng Xiǎoyún; born 1966) is a Chinese cryptographer, mathematician, and computer scientist.

She was previously the head of research at the Algorand Foundation and the head of the cryptography research group at IBM's Thomas J.

Eli Biham (Hebrew: אלי ביהם) is an Israeli cryptographer and cryptanalyst who is a professor at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Computer Science department.

Claus Peter Schnorr (4 August 1943-8 June 2025) was a German mathematician and cryptographer.

Ivan Bjerre Damgård (born 1956) is a Danish cryptographer and currently a professor at the Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, Denmark.

Jean-Jacques Quisquater (born 13 January 1945) is a Belgian cryptographer and a professor at the University of Louvain (UCLouvain).

He works in various fields of computer science, mainly the foundations of cryptography.

The Vigenère cipher (French pronunciation: [viʒnɛːʁ]) is a method of encrypting alphabetic text where each letter of the plaintext is encoded with a different Caesar cipher, whose increment is determined by the corresponding letter of another text, the key.

The device is used for fractionating plaintext characters so that they can be represented by a smaller set of symbols, which is useful for telegraphy, steganography, and cryptography.

Diffie-Hellman (DH) key exchange is a mathematical method of securely generating a symmetric cryptographic key over a public channel.

1950) is a cryptographer and mathematician.

David Lee Chaum (born 1955) is an American computer scientist, cryptographer, and inventor.

James Lee Massey (February 11, 1934, June 16, 2013) was an American information theorist and cryptographer, Professor Emeritus of Digital Technology at ETH Zurich.

Arjen Klaas Lenstra (born 2 March 1956, in Groningen) is a Dutch mathematician, cryptographer and computational number theorist.

He is known for his research in algorithmic number theory, algebra, post-quantum cryptography and IT security.

She is the Grace Murray Hopper Professor of Computer Science at Yale University and an Amazon Scholar in the AWS Cryptography group.