This group gathers pioneers of computing methodologies whose primary contribution was general artificial intelligence research that does not belong to one of the seven more specific groups below, including knowledge representation and reasoning, symbolic and search-based problem solving, automated reasoning under uncertainty, cognitive architectures, expert systems, semantic web and knowledge graph technology, case based reasoning, and early demonstrations of machine intelligence such as chess playing programs and the Dartmouth workshop that named the field. It follows the Artificial intelligence second level heading of the ACM Computing Classification System under Computing methodologies, at the level that heading occupies before its own narrower subtopics. A member with a more specific specialization such as vision, language, learning, graphics, robotics, agents or simulation belongs in one of the other seven groups rather than here.